R & D Relationship to Technology Business

• R&D is a source of stars (and ?s) in business portfolio
• R&D is a source of pacing technologies
• Early step in the Product Life Cycle

Research

Research Organizations and their Charters

Research Process

• Definition
  Should be complete enough to focus individual or group; should be sufficiently open-ended so as not to imply expected solution
• Preparation
  Remove distractions. Submersion in the problem definition and existing information about previous attempts at solution
• Expansion
  Osborn (Brainstorming/Transformations)
  
  • SCAMPER-Substitute, Combine, Add or Adapt, Minimize-Magnify-Modify, Put to other uses, Exaggerate, Reverse or Rearrange (Eberle, '72)
    
  De Bono (Lateral Thinking/Provocation and Movement)
  
  • Provocations: Escape, Reversal, Exaggeration, Distortion, Wishful Thinking, Random
  • Movements:Extract Principles, Focus on Difference, Moment to Moment, Positive Aspects, Circumstances
    
  Characteristics of Idea Expansion Techniques (Dhillon)
  • Construction
  • Decomposition
  • Association
• Incubation/Synthesis
  Combine best elements of proposed solutions
• Extraction-technique based on # of alternatives to select among and cost
  
  • Checklists
  • Payback Analysis
  • Simulation
  • Lab Prototype
  • Marketing Prototype
• Implementation
  Design and production
• Protection
  
  • Patents
  • Trademarks
  • Copyrights
  • Trade Secrets

Creativity and Idea Expansion

Fostering Creativity

• Reading
• Writing
• Experience
• Outside Interests
• Game Play
• Environmental Factors

Creative Environment

• Education
• Freedom
• Facilities
• Recognition

Barriers to Creativity

• Environmental Barriers
• Cultural Barriers
• Perceptual Barriers
• Emotional Barriers

Development

Design Characteristics:

• Producability
• Maintainability
• Useability
• Standardization
• Reliability
• Robustness
• Liability

Design Control

• Design Review
• Release Control
• Configuration Management
• Object Control
• Financial Control

	Input	Output
Information	Quality Function Deployment Requirements Document Validation Specification Simulation Models	Product Specifications Manufacturing Specifications Test Specifications Vendor Component Specifications Schematics Lithography Masks Machining Drawings Assembly Drawings Embedded Software Numerical Control Recipes/Software Repair/Maintenance Instructions Test Software Fault Simulation Models Thermal Models Vibration Models Power Consumption Models Failure Mode Effects Analysis Validation Facilities
Artifacts	Lab Prototype Lab Fabrication Equipment Lab Machining Equipment Lab Assembly Equipment Lab Rework/Repair Equipment Lab Test Equipment	Marketing Prototypes Qualification Units First Article/First Run Production Fabrication Equipment Production Machining Equipment Production Assembly Equipment Production Test Equipment Production Rework/Repair Equipment Field Rework/Repair Equipment

Design Process Models

• Build-and-Fix
  Only suitable for craftsperson/small operation
• Waterfall
  Top-down design. Cascade through predefined levels of product definition abstraction, checking for consistency and completeness between representations. Checks between adjacent levels is verification and comparisons with the top level are validation.
  
  • Requirements (most abstract product definition)
  • Specification
  • Design
  • Validation
  • Production
  • Support (least abstract product definition)
• Spiral
  Waterfall with feedback
• Rapid Prototyping
  Spiral model used in conjunction with one or more rapid prototyping technologies:
  • Laser Machining
  • Field Programmable Gate Arrays FPGAs
  • Higher Order Languages HOLs
  • Computer Simulation/Visualization
  • Integrated Hardware/Software Simulation
• Object Oriented
  Bottom-up design from a repository of standard, modular design elements
• Concurrent Engineering
  • Significant consideration of factors from later in the life cycle
  • Process design in parallel with product design
  • Integrated development tools and databases
  • Reduce the time from concept to product distribution
  • Enhance product satisfaction

Process Assessment

• ISO 9000
• Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model

Reliability

Static Reliability Models

Series Model

As a result,

Parallel Model

Redundancy:
n identical components, at least r must survive (r out of n redundancy)

Robustness

• maximize performance
  
• minimize variation in lieu of noise factors

Strategy:

1. Identify design factors and noise factors.
2. Construct design matrix (inner array) and noise matrix (outer array).
3. For each experimental point in the inner array, "intelligently replicate" via the recipe in the outer array.
4. Conduct and analyze experiment.
5. Optimize performance.
6. Confirm results.

Notes:

7. Taguchi advocates using SNR; others suggest separating analysis of mean performance (location) from robustness (dispersion).
8. One wishes to separate control factors into 3 categories: controls dispersion (robustness), controls location, and neither. You first set dispersion effect factors at optimal settings, then adjust location via other factors, then set 3rd category factors at most economical setting.

Taguchi's first experiment:

• needed to be processed 350-360; oven could only hold 340-370
• 3 options: don't put tiles in cold spots, expensive controller, or...
• add lime to composition--> no change in performance, but tiles were made more robust to temperature variations

• Babcock, D.L. Managing Engineering and Technology, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1996.
• Bebb, H.B., "Quality Design Engineering: The Missing Link in U.S. Competitiveness", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1990.
• Byer, R.L., "Industry, Government, Universities, and Technological Leadership-A University Perspective", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1993.
• Chalmers, A.F., Science and its Fabrication, Open University Press, Buckingham, 1990.
• De Bono, E., Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step, Harper and Row, New York, 1970.
• De Bono, E., Sur/petition: Creating Value Monopolies when Everyone Else is Merely Competing, HarperCollins, New York, 1992.
• De Bono, E., Serious Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas, HarperCollins, New York, 1992.
• Dhillon, B.S., Engineering Management: Concepts, Procedures and Models, Technomic, Lancaster, 1987.
• Dresselhaus, M., "Mutually Beneficial Partnerships Between Universities, National Laboratories, and Industry", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1992.
• Galbraith, J.K., "Technology and the Modern State", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1990.
• Good, M.L., "Science and Technology Policy: Will 'Lassez Faire' Still Do?", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1991.
• Greenburg, D.,S., The Politics of Pure Science: An Inquiry into the Relationship between Science and Government in the United States, New American Library, New York, 1967.
• Kuhn, S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.
• McGroddy, J.C., "Industry, Government, Universities, and Technological Leadership-An Industry Perspective", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1993.
• Miller, W.F., "Leadership in Decentralized Research Organizations", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1989.
• Noyce, R.N., "SEMATECH and Leadership Goals in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry", CDTL Lecture Series, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1989.
• Schach, S.R., Software Engineering, Irwin, Homewood, 1990.
• Shenhar, A.J., "From low- to high-tech project management", R&D Management, 1993.
• Soley, L.C., Leasing the Ivory Tower: The Corporate Takeover of Academia, South End Press, 1995.
• Weisz, M.S., "Stairways to Heaven: Illusions of Organizational Change", American Programmer, American Programmer, July, 1993.

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